Article 1392

Ratification extinguishes the action to annul a voidable contract.

Ang pagpapatibay ay mawawala ang aksyon upang mapawalang bisa ang isang kontrata.

1.    Confirmation – to cure a defect in a voidable contract.

2.    Ratification- to cure the defect of lack of authority in an authorized contract (entered into by another).

3.    Acknowledgment- to remedy a deficiency of proof (thus, an oral loan may be put in writing, or when a private instrument is made a public instrument).

Requisites of Ratification to be effective:

1. There must be a voidable or annulable contract.

2. Ratification is made with the knowledge of the cause of nullity.

3. At the time of ratification, the cause of nullity has already ceased.

4. The ratifying party is the injured party, or the prejudiced party.

5. The ratification is accomplished expressly or impliedly by a waiver of action to annul.

The right to ratify is transferable to the heirs of the party who has the right to ratify.